2.
   2023
/   
 ()
 : 3     :50
:     -    ,          
                
 -
1.    " "   
2.        
 -
3.            
4.          
 -
5.           -             
6.       ,     
2.
-
7.      
8.                 
   2023
/   
 ()
 : 3     :50
:     -    ,          
                
 -
1.    " "   
:󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌   ?
  (17
)          
 " "        ,   
              
  ( )   ( )    
 
              

2.
󷙢    ?
                
  , 7   () :
, , , , , , 
     ()    (/)   
     -  -     
    , 
    ?
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   : "   (/) ,      
"
:
  , 
  , 
 , 
 
 :
 
󷊨󷊩   :   
   ,       
  ""   

             :
      
   -      
  -  -  
 
󷄧󹻘󹻙󹻚󹻛   ?
2.
.   72   
 72   ( )    
72 
?

   ',  
         ,
  72      
 :
72  = 72       
󷚆󷚇󷚈     ?
    
     :
      
    :
 (2 )
 (2 )
 (2 )
 (2 )
 (2 )
       ,   72    
   
:
  



󷊭󷊮󷊯󷊱󷊰󷊲󷊳󷊴󷊵󷊶 ( )   ?
  ,        :
2.
1.  7  
2.      
3.   
4.    
5.      
          
       
󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌      
:
 =   = 

 = -  = 
    :
 
-
   '  
  
       
 
      
󷙣󷙤󷙥     
      :
      
 ,     :
     
     
2.
      
       
          
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼      '  
 ,            
    72  10    
    ':
    
 ,    
 
󷚆󷚇󷚈     
    
:
    
   
    
    
      
  ,       
      
󷊨󷊩  
     
    ,    
:
   
72    
   
     
2.
      " "  
󷙢     
         
   -
 
    :
"       "
       
 ,      
   
󷄧󼿒 
    ()     -      
               72 
                
     ,        
  

2.        
:󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌  
       : "" (, )  "" ( 
)
               
    
 ,           ,   
        
   ,  
   ,     
2.
󷙣󷙤󷙥      
1.    
o    
 -         
   '    
o    ,   ( )    ,   
          
2.           :
o  : ,   '       
o  : ,        
o  :  ,       
o : ,    
3.   (  )  
o   (12 ),  (14 ),   (10 )  
    
o     ,   ( -  )  
 
4.    
o    ' ,       
o    (   ,   )  ,  
,      
󷊨󷊩 
 :    ,          
  ,  ,  (
),   ()   

 :  ,   ()      
    :  ,   '   ,   
     ()     ,    
-   
󻏂󻏃󻏄󻏅󻏆󻏇󻏈   
  :  ,       
  :    ,    
     :           ,  
  
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
1.        :     
  
2.   :       ,   
 
 
2.
3.    :  ,        
 '   
4.   '  :     ,     
 
󷗰󷗮󷗯       
   :   ,         
      
      :      
  
   :,    '   ,  
      
󷇧󷇨󷇩󷇪󷇫󷇬  
           -  ,  , 
         ,    , 
,       
󽆪󽆫󽆬
                
  ,          , 
      -  ,    
   ,       
 -
3.            
:   (    )      |
2.
   
          
 ,  
   
 ,            
    ,        ,    
       -     
    ,     
   ?
   ,            
      ()     ()   
 
   :
   ,
 ,
 ,
   
    
     ,     ()   
  
     :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    (1872-1937)        
  
      ,    :


 
  ,           
       
2.
  -     -         ()
 
      
1.     ()
  ,             '
    :
  
 ()
   
             
        
2.     
 (   -)     
 :
 -  ,
     ,
 -- 
   -      
3.     
   
      
 -          
     ,   -      
,     
4.       
2.
    - (-) 
    :



 
         
5.     
    '         ,  :





           
      
2.
          :
   
    , ,        
  
              
  
,        
   
            
    
   :
2.
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    
      :
  ,
    ,
   
          
     (  )
     :
      -
      
       
   "- "   
    
       :
  ' 
    

  
    
    
         
    
?
       :
     
   ,  
2.
   
   
    
  "  "   

              
              ,
        '        ,
 ,    ,       
 
 
 
              
   ,        ,    
    ,        
  
4.          
:󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌    
 
    ,         
 (),  ()      
      , ,     
           
  ( —"  ")
     ,      '   :   
    ,         
󷙣󷙤󷙥       

1. 
,            
             
2.
:            ,  
  
2.       
           
    
         
3.    
     
             ,  
      
4.    
       
       
 ,       
 
 
󷊨󷊩   
   ()       
    ( ):       , 
       
:           
  
 :           ,    
   
 ,    
 -     
  
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼      
1.     :       
 ,  
  
2.     :         
  
3.     :    ,     
        ,     

4.   :           
  
2.
5.   :      ,   
  
 
󷗰󷗮󷗯    
   :         ,   
   
  :              
 
  :, ,         
  
 :      ,       ,
      
󽆪󽆫󽆬
               ,  
        ,     
  
  ,       
        ;         
 
     ,         -   
  ,     ,      
 
 ,         :   ,  
    
 -
5.           -             
:󷙣󷙤󷙥                  - 
󷈘󷈙             
   ,          ,  
                

  ,              
2.
     ( ),      ( )  
 
    '       ,   '     
  ( 9     )  ,     ,    
  -        
󷚆󷚇󷚈 ,  ,   
    , 
      :
 :
 : (  5 ,   7)
 (   ):
  ( ):
  : 
:, ,  
󷙢  
          ,     ,  
    
 ( ):

 ( ):
Ṡn DM g RS
,         ,           
             
󷙣󷙤󷙥   (  )
                ,  :
g MD n DM g RS
     
 ,        
2.
󷗺󷗻󷗼󷗽󷗾      
       ,         
 
,               
  ,           
    ,  , ,      
 '              
    
󻏂󻏃󻏄󻏅󻏆󻏇󻏈    
      : "    "
           16    4  
   :
  |   |   |  
    , 
         16 
   
       ,       
󷙢  1
 Ṡ |  RS
            
 
󷙢  2
g MD n DM | g RS g MD n Ṡ
    '          
󷙢  3
 |   
2.
            
󷙢  4
g MD n Ṡ n D | M g RS
     -   '   
󷗰󷗮󷗯      (  )
 ,          :
 :
 :
 :
:
 :
 : 
 : 
 :Ṡn DM g RS
 :g MD n DM g RS
   
      
       
 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
            '    
     ,  ,           
                  
        ,         
 
2.
6.       ,     
:󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌       - 
    14-  () 
              
      ,       , 
    
 
   '   ,       ,   
    
󷙣󷙤󷙥       
14  4  ()    :
  :5 
 :2 
  :3 
  :4 
 (   )
    :
 |  | - |  
  14     
 
󷊨󷊩    
1.     :       ,    
    
 
2.    :            
 ,      
3.  :      ,       
   
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼, ,  
             -  '   
 
1.  ( )
       
2.
         ,       
  
: "  "  , 
    "     " 
 :     ,       
 
2.  ( )
       
         
: "  "     "        "   
 :          
3.  ( )
       
         
: "  "    "           "   
 :     ,       
     
󷗰󷗮󷗯   
         ,      
  ()      ,     
  
   
 , -  ( )      ,
     ,       
󽆪󽆫󽆬     
1.   :         

2.  :  14-     
  ,     
3.     :         
     
4.   :   ,      
 
󷇧󷇨󷇩󷇪󷇫󷇬
   14-      ,    
  
 (5+2+3+4)   
 ,       
2.
     ,    
,     
    ,     '   
-
7.      
: 
     ,  
  ,   
              
 ,     -  ,    "  "  
        
;  , ,    
  
   ,         
       
󷊨󷊩   
    8  1929     ()   ,    
    '         ,  
            '    
     
 ,  ,  
 ( )          
     ,           
 20
         ,       
     

       ,        
                
   
󷙣󷙤󷙥      
         ,      
      ,        ,
  ,      
   ,     ,       
  ,   -    :
2.





              
          ,   ,   
   
󸡝󷾈󷾉󷾊󷾋󷾌󸿁󸾿󸡟󸡠󸡡󸡢󸡣󸿂󸡥󸡦󸡧󸿃󸿄󸿅󸿆󸡨󸡩󸿀󸿇󷾝󷾞󸿈󷾟      
,     '      ,      ,
           '  
 
 , 
          
17         ,        
     
         
     
 -   
    ,          
,               
󹹋󹹌󹹒󹹍󹹎󹹏󹹐󹹑  
1949     ,        (), 
'              
  
  ,           
  ,           
  ,      
󷸒󷸓󷸔󷸖󷸕"   "  
     (        )  
            :
2.
 
   
     
           -    ,  ,
 ,  
    ,       "  "  
 
󷇮󷇭     
                
             ,  :
 ( )
 (  )
 (   )
  
        ' ,    

          :
   , 
  
  
,        
󷠿󷡀󷡁󷡂󷡃󷡄󷡅󷡆󷡇󷡈    
         '      
 :
  (1972)
  (1989)
  (2016)       
   
   
2.
  
          
󷆹󷆴󷆽󷆺󷆻󷆼       
     ,          
             
       
  24  2017   88     
    
 -  ,      

   ,            
 
󹱳󹱴󹱵󹱶  
      :


  
    
          
,      
       
 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
    , ,         
        ,      
        
,   
            

2.
8.                 
:󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌:    
      ,            
     ()      ,    
  ,      ,       
 
󷙣󷙤󷙥        
1.        
             
         
     
  
           ,  

        
 
2.        - 
         (  ) 
    ,     ,    
     
 ( )           
  ,       
3.      
      ( )  
   
      
           
           ,  
      
4.          
  (      )   ( 
)    
     -       
   
   ,        -
  
2.
5.      
      ,  ,        
,          
    ,        
            
 
6.        
      ( )     
        ,    
   ,    
            

󷊨󷊩        
    :   
    :  
   ( ):     
          
 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼     
1.   :        
2.   :          
3.    :,      ,  
  
4.   :           
󽆪󽆫󽆬
                
   ,      ,    
             
  ,    
      
 -  ,
   
"                 
 
          ,         
 "